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Academic Writing
Referencing
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The Harvard or Author-Date or System of Referencing (University of Wollongong preferred)1

The Harvard System of referencing incorporates information on:

bullet the author of the material cited,

bullet the date of publication

bullet and where necessary, the page number(s).

This information is placed in a bracket within the sentence of the idea you are discussing. This information allows the reader to look up the full bibliographic information from the attached reference list.

Harvard style references can be given in three ways:

The rationale of the free market is essentially opposed to the collective nature of unionism in the labour market (Ewer, Smith and Keane, 1991, p1).

Notice the reference comes before the punctuation ending the sentence, in this case, a full stop.

OR

Ewer, Smith and Keane state that the rationale of the free market is essentially opposed to the collective nature of unionism in the labour market (1991, p1).

OR

Ewer, Smith and Keane (1991, p1) state that the rationale of the free market is essentially opposed to the collective nature of unionism in the labour market.

The way you decide to refer will depend upon factors such as the authority of the source and whether you wish to focus on the idea rather than the author.

When to include page numbers?

No Page Numbers: When you wish to use an author's central idea or argument, for example, you must cite the author's name and the year of publication, but you may leave out page numbers as the original text will have referred to that central idea many times within the text. This will be the case where you summarise the central argument of an entire article.

Page Numbers: When you refer to just one idea of many in a publication, however, you must include page numbers. This allows your reader in follow-up reading to find what might be a quite small piece of information inside what could be a large article or book. This is often the case with direct quotations or paraphrased sentences/ paragraphs/ sub-sections of an article.

Look at the paragraph below to see how a writer has referenced source material of different kinds.

The work of van Lawick-Goodall (1971), Kortlandt and van Zon (1968), and Wright (1972) shows that present-day chimpanzees, orangutans and macaque monkeys are capable of using simple tools and bipedal locomotion. Wright (1972, p305) concluded after tool using experiments with a captive orang-utan, that manipulative disability is not a factor which would have prevented Australopithecines from mastering the fundamentals of tool technology. However, while there is an unquestionable validity in comparing the behaviour of present-day apes with early hominids, it is important to note that, as Howells (1973, p53) says, "a Pantroglodyte is not and cannot be the ancestor of man. He cannot be an ancestor of anything but future chimpanzees". However, the modern chimpanzee shows a type of intelligence closer to that of man than is found in any other present-day mammal. van Lawick-Goodall argues that: ... the chimpanzee is, nevertheless, a creature of immense significance to the understanding of man ... He has the ability to solve quite complex problems, he can use and make tools for a variety of purposes (1971, p244-245). Name and year only (refers to main idea of the source).


Page number included as the text refers to only one idea from the source.









Direct quote, so a page number MUST be included.







A quote longer than three lines is indented (quotation marks are not included but the page number is).

For more information on the conventions of using quotations.

1 University of Wollongong 2007, Author-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide, accessed 15/1/2007, http://www.library.uow.edu.au/helptraining/guides/pdfs/citeharvard.pdf

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